Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics and Emerging Contaminants in Selected Water Sources: Implications for Public Health and Environmental Quality

Water quality assessment is essential for determining the suitability of water resources for domestic, industrial, and ecological use. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of water samples collected from eight different locations within the Igando area of Lagos state, analyzing parameters such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, nutrients, and heavy metals. Standard analytical procedures were employed following APHA guidelines. Results showed variations in water quality across sampling points, with pH ranging from 4.89 to 7.11, turbidity from 0.81 to 1.36 NTU, and TDS from 668 to 982 mg/L. Hardness levels varied significantly (8–112 mg/L), indicating both soft and moderately hard water. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the WHO permissible limit (50 mg/L) at all sampling points. Iron levels ranged between 0.32 and 0.92 mg/L, with all samples surpassing the WHO limit of 0.3 mg/L. The study concludes that although most parameters fell within acceptable limits, elevated nitrate and iron concentrations pose health risks. The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring, improved water treatment, and community sensitization on groundwater contamination pathways.