Vulnerable Women Entrepreneurs Confront Structural Challenges: An Integrated Theoretical Model for Mentorship, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Empowerment

Vulnerable women entrepreneurs face significant structural challenges, including limited access to resources, social marginalization, and cultural or economic barriers that impede their entrepreneurial development. Despite the existence of support mechanisms, few theoretical models provide an integrated framework linking mentorship, networks, and entrepreneurial empowerment. This article addresses this gap by proposing a comprehensive theoretical model centered on these three dimensions. The methodology is based on an in-depth theoretical analysis, combining a literature review with a synthesis of observed support practices among vulnerable women entrepreneurs. The findings highlight an integrated support dynamic, in which close-proximity mentorship offers psychological and social assistance, formal and informal networks facilitate access to resources and opportunities, and entrepreneurial empowerment strengthens autonomy, confidence, and legitimacy among beneficiaries. Three operational principles emerge: flexibility, contextualization, and customization of support mechanisms. These insights provide practical guidance for designing inclusive and sustainable programs aimed at enhancing resilience, active participation, and leadership among women operating within complex socio-economic environments.