Development of Composite Materials Using Agricultural Waste: Emphasis on Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as Reinforcing Agent- A Contextual Review

The global interest in sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has led to extensive research exploiting agricultural residues as reinforcing additives in composites. This review presents an overview of advancements in composites reinforced with palm kernel shell (PKS), an abundant, low-cost byproduct of the palm oil industry characterized by notable hardness, lightweight, and high surface area. The study synthesizes information on fabrication processes, relevant mechanical and physical behaviours, and emerging applications of PKS composites. Additionally, it considers current limitations and explores future avenues for enhancing the use of PKS, underscoring its role in supporting circular economy initiatives and minimizing environmental burdens related to material production. This article provides a valuable reference point for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop sustainable composite technologies.